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Open Access Short Communication

Mechanisms of impulse transmission and stimulus response in nervous system

by Muhammad Akram 1,* ,  Nosheen Aslam 2 ,  Mohammed Khudhair Hasan 3 ,  Hind A. Abdulghafoor 4 ,  Fahad Said Khan 5 ,  Fethi Ahmet Ozdemir 6 ,  Gaweł Sołowski 6 ,  Jaouher Ben Ali 7  and  Jehan Mohammed Al-Musawi 8
1
Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad-Pakistan
2
Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad-Pakistan
3
Al Manara College for Medical Sciences, Maysan, Iraq
4
Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Fallujah, Fallujah, Iraq
5
Department of Eastern Medicine, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
6
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Art, Bingol University, Bingol, 1200, Türkiye
7
ESST-HS/University of Sousse Sime Laboratory (ENSIT)/University of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
8
Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
IJCMR  2025 3(4):61; https://doi.org/0.61466/ijcmr3040001
Received: 4 March 2025 / Accepted: 19 May 2025 / Published Online: 21 May 2025
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Abstract

The basic mechanisms that support the nervous system's operation in both invertebrates and vertebrates are impulse transmission and the body's reaction to stimuli. These mechanisms let organisms' sense changes in their internal and external surroundings, analyze the information, and start the proper behavioral or physiological reactions. For homeostasis, survival, and adaptation, impulse transmission and response to stimuli must be accurate and efficient. When a stimulus is strong enough to surpass the excitation threshold, a brief, transient change in membrane potential known as an action potential is generated, signaling the beginning of neuronal impulse transmission. This electrochemical process is initiated by the passage of ions, namely sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) ions, across the neuronal membrane via voltage-gated ion channels. Synaptic transmission is a crucial step in impulse propagation after this. An action potential that reaches the axon terminal releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The kind of neurotransmitter and receptor involved determines whether these chemical messengers cause excitatory or inhibitory responses when they attach themselves to certain postsynaptic membrane receptors. Complex neural networks are formed by the communication that is made possible by this synaptic activity between neurons and threshold; the start of neuronal impulse transmission is indicated by the generation of an action potential, a short, fleeting shift in membrane potential. This communication tried to talk in more details about this topic.

Keywords: nerve impulse; membrane potential; refractory period; peripheral nervous system; excitatory signal; inhibitory signal;
Copyright: © 2025 by Akram, Aslam, Hasan, Abdulghafoor, Khan, Ozdemir, Sołowski, Ali and Al-Musawi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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ACS Style
Akram, M.; Aslam, N.; Hasan, M. K.; Abdulghafoor, H. A.; Khan, F. S.; Ozdemir, F. A.; Sołowski, G.; Ali, J. B.; Al-Musawi, J. M. Mechanisms of impulse transmission and stimulus response in nervous system. International Journal of Clinical Medical Research, 2025, 3, 61. doi:0.61466/ijcmr3040001
AMA Style
Akram M, Aslam N, Hasan M K et al.. Mechanisms of impulse transmission and stimulus response in nervous system. International Journal of Clinical Medical Research; 2025, 3(4):61. doi:0.61466/ijcmr3040001
Chicago/Turabian Style
Akram, Muhammad; Aslam, Nosheen; Hasan, Mohammed K.; Abdulghafoor, Hind A.; Khan, Fahad S.; Ozdemir, Fethi A.; Sołowski, Gaweł, and et al. 2025. "Mechanisms of impulse transmission and stimulus response in nervous system" International Journal of Clinical Medical Research 3, no.4:61. doi:0.61466/ijcmr3040001

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